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TagDescription-v Verbose mode.The details ofdelivery are displayed on the user’s terminal.-i Ignore tty interrupt signals.This isparticularly useful when using mailon noisy phone lines.-I Forces mail to run in interactive mode even wheninput isn’t a terminal.In particular, the''specialcharacter when sending mail is only active in interactive mode.-n Inhibits reading /etc/mail.rcupon startup.-N Inhibits the initial display of message headerswhen reading mail or editing a mail folder.-s Specify subject on command line(only the first argument after the-s flag is used as a subject; be careful to quote subjectscontaining spaces.)-c Send carbon copies to listof users.-b Send blind carbon copies to list.List should be a comma-separated list of names.-f Read in the contents of your mbox(or the specified file)for processing; when you quit, mailwrites undeleted messages back to this file.-u Is equivalent to: mail -f /var/spool/mail/userSending mailTo send a message to one or more people, mailcan be invoked with arguments which are the names of people towhom the mail will be sent.You are then expected to type inyour message, followedby an'control-D'at the beginning of a line.The section below Replying to or originating mail,describes some features of mailavailable to help you compose your letter.Reading mailIn normal usage mailis given no arguments and checks your mail out of thepost office, thenprints out a one line header of each message found.The current message is initially the first message (numbered 1)and can be printed using the printcommand (which can be abbreviated‘p’).You can move among the messages much as you move between lines ined(1),with the commands‘+’and‘-’moving backwards and forwards, andsimple numbers.Disposing of mail.After examining a message you can delete‘d’)the message or reply‘r’)to it.Deletion causes the mailprogram to forget about the message.This is not irreversible; the message can be undeleted‘u’)by giving its number, or the mailsession can be aborted by giving the exit‘x’)command.Deleted messages will, however, usually disappear never to be seen again.Specifying messagesCommands such as printand deletecan be given a list of message numbers as arguments to applyto a number of messages at once.Thus"delete 1 2"deletes messages 1 and 2, while"delete 1-5"deletes messages 1 through 5.The special name‘*’addresses all messages, and‘$’addressesthe last message; thus the command topwhich prints the first few lines of a message could be used in"top *"to print the first few lines of all messages.Replying to or originating mail.You can use the replycommand toset up a response to a message, sending it back to theperson who it was from.Text you then type in, up to an end-of-file,defines the contents of the message.While you are composing a message, mailtreats lines beginning with the character‘’specially.For instance, typing‘m’(alone on a line) will place a copyof the current message into the response right shifting it by a tabstop(see indentprefixvariable, below).Other escapes will set up subject fields, add and delete recipientsto the message and allow you to escape to an editor to revise themessage or to a shell to run some commands.(These optionsare given in the summary below.)Ending a mail processing session.You can end a mailsession with the quit‘q’)command.Messages which have been examined go to your mboxfile unless they have been deleted in which case they are discarded.Unexamined messages go back to the post office.(See the-f option above).Personal and systemwide distribution lists.It is also possible to create a personal distribution lists so that,for instance, you can send mail to"cohorts"and have it goto a group of people.Such lists can be defined by placing a line like alias cohorts bill ozalp jkf mark kridle@ucbcoryin the file .mailrcin your home directory.The current list of such aliases can be displayed with the aliascommand in mail.System wide distribution lists can be created by editing /etc/aliases,seealiases(5)andsendmail(8);these are kept in a different syntax.In mail you send, personal aliases will be expanded in mail sentto others so that they will be able to replyto the recipients.System wide aliasesare not expanded when the mail is sent,but any reply returned to the machine will have the system widealias expanded as all mail goes throughsendmail.Network mail (ARPA, UUCP, Berknet)Seemailaddr(7)for a description of network addresses. Mailhas a number of options which can be set in the .mailrcfile to alter its behavior; thus"set askcc"enables the askccfeature.(These options are summarized below.)SUMMARY(Adapted from the ‘Mail Reference Manual’)Each command is typed on a line by itself, and may take argumentsfollowing the command word.The command need not be typed in itsentirety - the first command which matches the typed prefix is used.For commands which take message lists as arguments, if no messagelist is given, then the next message forward which satisfies thecommand’s requirements is used.If there are no messages forward ofthe current message, the search proceeds backwards, and if there are nogood messages at all, mailtypes"No applicable messages"andaborts the command.TagDescription -Print out the preceding message.If given a numericargument n,goes to the n ’thprevious message and prints it. ?Prints a brief summary of commands. !Executes the shell(seesh(1)andcsh(1))command which follows. Print(P)Like printbut also prints out ignored header fields.See also print, ignoreand retain. Reply(R)Reply to originator.Does not reply to otherrecipients of the original message. Type(T)Identical to the Printcommand. alias(a)With no arguments, prints out all currently-defined aliases.With oneargument, prints out that alias.With more than one argument, createsa new alias or changes an old one. alternates (alt)The alternatescommand is useful if you have accounts on several machines.It can be used to inform mailthat the listed addresses are really you.When you replyto messages, mailwill not send a copy of the message to any of the addresseslisted on the alternateslist.If the alternatescommand is given with no argument, the current set of alternatenames is displayed. chdir(c)Changes the user’s working directory to that specified, if given.Ifno directory is given, then changes to the user’s login directory. copy(co)The copycommand does the same thing that savedoes, except that it does not mark the messages itis used on for deletion when you quit. delete (d)Takes a list of messages as argument and marks them all as deleted.Deleted messages will not be saved in mbox,nor will they be available for most other commands. dp(also dt)Deletes the current message and prints the next message.If there is no next message, mailsays"at EOF". edit(e)Takes a list of messages and points the text editor at each one inturn.On return from the editor, the message is read back in. exit( exor x)Effects an immediate return to the Shell withoutmodifying the user’s system mailbox, his mboxfile, or his edit file in-f . file(fi)The same as folder. folders List the names of the folders in your folder directory. folder (fo)The foldercommand switches to a new mail file or folder.With noarguments, it tells you which file you are currently reading.If you give it an argument, it will write out changes (suchas deletions) you have made in the current file and read inthe new file.Some special conventions are recognized forthe name.# means the previous file, % means your systemmailbox, %user means user’s system mailbox, & meansyour mboxfile, and+folder means a file in your folderdirectory. from(f)Takes a list of messages and prints their message headers. headers (h)Lists the current range of headers, which is an 18-message group.Ifa‘+’argument is given, then the next 18-message group is printed, and ifa‘-’argument is given, the previous 18-message group is printed. helpA synonym for ? hold( ho,also preserve)Takes a message list and marks eachmessage therein to be saved in theuser’s system mailbox instead of in mbox.Does not override the deletecommand. ignore Add the list of header fields named to the ignored list.Header fields in the ignore list are not printedon your terminal when you print a message.Thiscommand is very handy for suppression of certain machine-generatedheader fields.The Typeand Printcommands can be used to print a message in its entirety, includingignored fields.If ignoreis executed with no arguments, it lists the current set ofignored fields. mail(m)Takes as argument login names and distribution group names and sendsmail to those people. mboxIndicate that a list of messages be sent to mboxin your home directory when you quit.This is the defaultaction for messages if you do nothave the holdoption set. next(n)like +or CR)Goes to the next message in sequence and types it.With an argument list, types the next matching message. preserve (pre)A synonym for hold. print(p)Takes a message list and types out each message on the user’s terminal. quit(q)Terminates the session, saving all undeleted, unsaved messages inthe user’s mboxfile in his login directory, preserving all messages marked with holdor preserveor never referencedin his system mailbox, and removing all other messages from his systemmailbox.If new mail has arrived during the session, the message"You have new mail"is given.If given while editing amailbox file with the-f flag, then the edit file is rewritten.A return to the Shell iseffected, unless the rewrite of edit file fails, in which case the usercan escape with the exitcommand. reply(r)Takes a message list and sends mail to the sender and allrecipients of the specified message.The default message must not be deleted. respond A synonym for reply. retain Add the list of header fields named to the retained listOnly the header fields in the retain listare shown on your terminal when you print a message.All other header fields are suppressed.The Typeand Printcommands can be used to print a message in its entirety.If retainis executed with no arguments, it lists the current set ofretained fields. save(s)Takes a message list and a filename and appends each message inturn to the end of the file.The filename in quotes, followed by the linecount and character count is echoed on the user’s terminal. set(se)With no arguments, prints all variable values.Otherwise, setsoption.Arguments are of the form option=value(no space before or after =) or option.Quotation marks may be placed around any part of the assignment statement toquote blanks or tabs, i.e."set indentprefix="->"" saveignore Saveignoreis to savewhat ignoreis to printand type.Header fields thus marked are filtered out whensaving a message by saveor when automatically saving to mbox. saveretain Saveretainis to savewhat retainis to printand type.Header fields thus marked are the only ones savedwith a message when saving by saveor when automatically saving to mbox. Saveretainoverrides saveignore. shell(sh)Invokes an interactive version of the shell. sizeTakes a message list and prints out the size in characters of eachmessage. source The sourcecommand readscommands from a file. topTakes a message list and prints the top few lines of each.The number oflines printed is controlled by the variable toplinesand defaults to five. type(t)A synonym for print. unalias Takes a list of names defined by aliascommands and discards the remembered groups of users.The group namesno longer have any significance. undelete (u)Takes a message list and marks each message as notbeing deleted. unread (U)Takes a message list and marks each message as nothaving been read. unsetTakes a list of option names and discards their remembered values;the inverse of set. visual (v)Takes a message list and invokes the display editor on each message. write(w)Similar to save,except that onlythe message body(without)the header) is saved.Extremely useful for such tasks as sending and receiving sourceprogram text over the message system. xit(x)A synonym for exit. z Mailpresents message headers in windowfuls as described under the headerscommand.You can move mail ’sattention forward to the next window with the zcommand.Also, you can move to the previous window by using z-.Tilde/EscapesHere is a summary of the tilde escapes,which are used when composing messages to performspecial functions.Tilde escapes are only recognized at the beginningof lines.The name"tilde escape"is somewhat of a misnomer since the actual escape character can be setby the option escape.TagDescription ! command Execute the indicated shell command, then return to the message. b name ... Add the given names to the list of carbon copy recipients but do not makethe names visible in the Cc: line ("blind" carbon copy). c name ... Add the given names to the list of carbon copy recipients. dRead the file"dead.letter"from your home directory into the message. eInvoke the text editor on the message collected so far.After theediting session is finished, you may continue appending text to themessage. f messages Read the named messages into the message being sent.If no messages are specified, read in the current message.Message headers currently being ignored (by the ignoreor retaincommand) are not included. F messages Identical to f,except all message headers are included. hEdit the message header fields by typing each one in turn and allowingthe user to append text to the end or modify the field by using thecurrent terminal erase and kill characters. m messages Read the named messages into the message being sent, indented by atab or by the value of indentprefix.If no messages are specified,read the current message.Message headers currently being ignored (by the ignoreor retaincommand) are not included. M messages Identical to m,except all message headers are included. pPrint out the message collected so far, prefaced by the message headerfields. qAbort the message being sent, copying the message to"dead.letter"in your home directory if saveis set. r filename Read the named file into the message. s string Cause the named string to become the current subject field. t name ... Add the given names to the direct recipient list. vInvoke an alternate editor (defined by the VISUALoption) on themessage collected so far.Usually, the alternate editor will be ascreen editor.After you quit the editor, you may resume appendingtext to the end of your message. w filename Write the message onto the named file. command Pipe the message through the command as a filter.If the command givesno output or terminates abnormally, retain the original text of themessage.The commandfmt(1)is often used as commandto rejustify the message. : mail-command Execute the given mail command.Not all commands, however, are allowed. string Insert the string of text in the message prefaced by a single .Ifyou have changed the escape character, then you should doublethat character in order to send it.Mail OptionsOptions are controlled via setand unsetcommands.Options may be either binary, in which case it is onlysignificant to see whether they are set or not; or string, in whichcase the actual value is of interest.The binary options include the following:TagDescription append Causes messages saved in mboxto be appended to the end rather than prepended.This should always be set (perhaps in /etc/mail.rc). ask, asksub Causes mailto prompt you for the subject of each message you send.Ifyou respond with simply a newline, no subject field will be sent. askccCauses you to be prompted for additional carbon copy recipients at theend of each message.Responding with a newline indicates yoursatisfaction with the current list. askbcc Causes you to be prompted for additional blind carbon copy recipients at theend of each message.Responding with a newline indicates yoursatisfaction with the current list. autoprint Causes the deletecommand to behave like dp- thus, after deleting a message, the next one will be typedautomatically. debugSetting the binary option debugis the same as specifying-d on the command line and causes mailto output all sorts of information useful for debugging mail. dotThe binary option dotcauses mailto interpret a period alone on a line as the terminatorof a message you are sending. holdThis option is used to hold messages in the system mailboxby default. ignore Causes interrupt signals from your terminal to be ignored and echoed as@’s. ignoreeof An option related to dotis ignoreeofwhich makes mailrefuse to accept a control-d as the end of a message. Ignoreeofalso applies to mailcommand mode. metooUsually, when a group is expanded that contains the sender, the senderis removed from the expansion.Setting this option causes the senderto be included in the group. noheader Setting the option noheaderis the same as giving the-N flag on the command line. nosave Normally, when you abort a message with two RUBOUT(erase or delete) mailcopies the partial letter to the file"dead.letter"in your home directory.Setting the binary option nosaveprevents this. Replyall Reverses the sense of replyand Replycommands. quietSuppresses the printing of the version when first invoked. searchheaders If this option is set, then a message-list specifier in the form ‘‘/x:y’’will expand to all messages containing the substring ‘‘y’’ in the headerfield ‘‘x’’. The string search is case insensitive. verbose Setting the option verboseis the same as using the-v flag on the command line.When mail runs in verbose mode,the actual delivery of messages is displayed on the user’sterminal.Option String ValuesTagDescription EDITOR Pathname of the text editor to use in the editcommand and eescape.If not defined, then a default editor is used. LISTER Pathname of the directory lister to use in the folderscommand.Default is /bin/ls. PAGERPathname of the program to use in the morecommand or when crtvariable is set.The default paginatormore(1)is used if this option is not defined. SHELLPathname of the shell to use in the !command and the !escape.A default shell is used if this option isnot defined. VISUAL Pathname of the text editor to use in the visualcommand and vescape. crtThe valued option crtis used as a threshold to determine how long a message mustbe before PAGERis used to read it.If crtis set without a value,then the height of the terminal screen stored in the systemis used to compute the threshold (seestty(1)). escape If defined, the first character of this option gives the character touse in the place of to denote escapes. folder The name of the directory to use for storing folders ofmessages.If this name begins with a ‘/’, mailconsiders it to be an absolute pathname; otherwise, thefolder directory is found relative to your home directory. MBOXThe name of the mboxfile.It can be the name of a folder.The default is"mbox"in the user’s home directory. record If defined, gives the pathname of the file used to record all outgoingmail.If not defined, then outgoing mail is not so saved. indentprefix String used by the ‘‘m’’ tilde escape for indenting messages, in place ofthe normal tab character (^I).Be sure to quote the value if it containsspaces or tabs. toplines If defined, gives the number of lines of a message to be printed outwith the topcommand; normally, the first five lines are printed.ENVIRONMENT Mailutilizes the HOME, USER, SHELL, DEAD, PAGER, LISTER, EDITOR, VISUALand MBOXenvironment variables.FILESTagDescription /var/spool/mail/*Post office. /mboxUser’s old mail. /.mailrcFile giving initial mail commands. Only used if the owner of the file is theuser running this copy of mail. /tmp/R*Temporary files. /usr/lib/mail.*help Help files. /etc/mail.rcSystem initialization file.SEE ALSOnewaliases(1),vacation(1),aliases(5),mailaddr(7),sendmail(8)and.Rs The Mail Reference Manual..Re HISTORYA mailcommandappeared inAT&T v6 .This man page is derived from The Mail Reference Manualoriginally written by Kurt Shoens.BUGSThere are some flags that are not documented here.Most arenot useful to the general user. Advertisements

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