Structure And Function Of The Digestive System Essay

Hepatitis B is a viral infection that can lead to serious disease of the liver. It is the most common liver infection in the world. The liver is an important part of the body's digestive system and performs functions such as digesting fats and filtering toxins.

structure and function of the digestive system essay

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Within the oral mucosa, and also on the tongue, palates, and floor of the mouth, are the minor salivary glands; their secretions are mainly mucous and they are innervated by the facial nerve (CN7).[12] The glands also secrete amylase a first stage in the breakdown of food acting on the carbohydrate in the food to transform the starch content into maltose. There are other serous glands on the surface of the tongue that encircle taste buds on the back part of the tongue and these also produce lingual lipase. Lipase is a digestive enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of lipids (fats). These glands are termed Von Ebner's glands which have also been shown to have another function in the secretion of histatins which offer an early defense (outside of the immune system) against microbes in food, when it makes contact with these glands on the tongue tissue.[11][13] Sensory information can stimulate the secretion of saliva providing the necessary fluid for the tongue to work with and also to ease swallowing of the food.

The liver is the second largest organ (after the skin) and is an accessory digestive gland which plays a role in the body's metabolism. The liver has many functions some of which are important to digestion. The liver can detoxify various metabolites; synthesise proteins and produce biochemicals needed for digestion. It regulates the storage of glycogen which it can form from glucose (glycogenesis). The liver can also synthesise glucose from certain amino acids. Its digestive functions are largely involved with the breaking down of carbohydrates. It also maintains protein metabolism in its synthesis and degradation. In lipid metabolism it synthesises cholesterol. Fats are also produced in the process of lipogenesis. The liver synthesises the bulk of lipoproteins. The liver is located in the upper right quadrant of the abdomen and below the diaphragm to which it is attached at one part, the bare area of the liver. This is to the right of the stomach and it overlies the gall bladder. The liver synthesises bile acids and lecithin to promote the digestion of fat.[24]

The pancreas is a major organ functioning as an accessory digestive gland in the digestive system. It is both an endocrine gland and an exocrine gland.[28] The endocrine part secretes insulin when the blood sugar becomes high; insulin moves glucose from the blood into the muscles and other tissues for use as energy. The endocrine part releases glucagon when the blood sugar is low; glucagon allows stored sugar to be broken down into glucose by the liver in order to re-balance the sugar levels. The pancreas produces and releases important digestive enzymes in the pancreatic juice that it delivers to the duodenum.[24] The pancreas lies below and at the back of the stomach. It connects to the duodenum via the pancreatic duct which it joins near to the bile duct's connection where both the bile and pancreatic juice can act on the chyme that is released from the stomach into the duodenum. Aqueous pancreatic secretions from pancreatic duct cells contain bicarbonate ions which are alkaline and help with the bile to neutralise the acidic chyme that is churned out by the stomach.

In the early 11th century the Islamic medical philosopher Avicenna wrote extensively on many subjects including medicine. Forty of these treatises on medicine survive, and in the most famous one titled the Canon of Medicine he discusses "rising gas". Avicenna believed that digestive system dysfunction was responsible for the overproduction of gas in the gastrointestinal tract. He suggested lifestyle changes and a compound of herbal drugs for its treatment.[52]

The rest of the 20th century was dominated by research into enzymes. The first to be discovered was secretin by Ernest Starling in 1902, with ensuing results from John Edkins in 1905 who first suggested gastrin with its structure being determined in 1964.[54] Andre Latarjet and Lester Dragstedt found a role for acetylcholine in the digestive system.[54] In 1972 H2 receptor agonists were described by J. Black, that block the action of histamine and decrease the production of hydrochloric acid. In 1980 proton pump inhibitors were described by Sachs. In 1983 the role of Helicobacter pylori in the formation of ulcers was described by Barry Marshall, and Robin Warren.[56]

Structure/function claims for conventional foods focus on effects derived from nutritive value, while structure/function claims for dietary supplements may focus on non-nutritive as well as nutritive effects. FDA is likely to interpret the dividing line between structure/function claims and disease claims in a similar manner for conventional foods as for dietary supplements.

All of the following statements about the human respiratory system are true EXCEPT\\n\"},\"library\":\"H5P.MultiChoice 1.14\",\"metadata\":\"contentType\":\"Multiple Choice\",\"license\":\"U\",\"title\":\"Question 1 Multiple Choice\",\"subContentId\":\"dda3a9d2-5f30-4692-ac19-6dae2b29d056\"},\"useSeparator\":\"auto\"},\"content\":\"params\":\"media\":\"disableImageZooming\":false,\"answers\":[\"correct\":true,\"tipsAndFeedback\":\"chosenFeedback\":\"Correct, this statement is not true. The blood in the pulmonary vein is oxygenated.\\n\",\"tip\":\"\",\"notChosenFeedback\":\"\",\"text\":\"Blood in the pulmonary vein is deoxygenated.\\n\",\"correct\":false,\"tipsAndFeedback\":\"tip\":\"\",\"chosenFeedback\":\"Incorrect, this statement is true. \\n\",\"notChosenFeedback\":\"\",\"text\":\"Blood in the inferior vena cava is deoxygenated.\\n\",\"correct\":false,\"tipsAndFeedback\":\"tip\":\"\",\"chosenFeedback\":\"Incorrect, this statement is true. \\n\",\"notChosenFeedback\":\"\",\"text\":\"Blood in the pulmonary artery is deoxygenated.\\n\",\"correct\":false,\"tipsAndFeedback\":\"tip\":\"\",\"chosenFeedback\":\"Incorrect, this statement is true. \\n\",\"notChosenFeedback\":\"\",\"text\":\"Blood in the aorta is 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?\",\"cancelLabel\":\"Cancel\",\"confirmLabel\":\"Finish\",\"confirmRetry\":\"header\":\"Retry ?\",\"body\":\"Are you sure you wish to retry ?\",\"cancelLabel\":\"Cancel\",\"confirmLabel\":\"Confirm\",\"question\":\"All of the following statements about the circulatory system are true EXCEPT\\n\",\"library\":\"H5P.MultiChoice 1.14\",\"metadata\":\"contentType\":\"Multiple Choice\",\"license\":\"U\",\"title\":\"Question 2 Multiple Choice\",\"subContentId\":\"5fec600c-138e-401e-be67-2cc0b5f5e2e8\",\"useSeparator\":\"auto\",\"content\":\"params\":\"media\":\"disableImageZooming\":false,\"answers\":[\"correct\":true,\"tipsAndFeedback\":\"chosenFeedback\":\"Correct.\\n\",\"tip\":\"\",\"notChosenFeedback\":\"\",\"text\":\"The respiratory system provides body tissues with oxygen\\n\",\"correct\":false,\"tipsAndFeedback\":\"chosenFeedback\":\"Check again\\n\",\"tip\":\"\",\"notChosenFeedback\":\"\",\"text\":\"The respiratory system provides body tissues with oxygen and carbon dioxide\\n\",\"correct\":false,\"tipsAndFeedback\":\"chosenFeedback\":\"Check again\\n\",\"tip\":\"\",\"notChosenFeedback\":\"\",\"text\":\"The respiratory system establishes how many breaths are taken per minute\\n\",\"correct\":false,\"tipsAndFeedback\":\"chosenFeedback\":\"Check again\\n\",\"tip\":\"\",\"notChosenFeedback\":\"\",\"text\":\"The respiratory system provides the body with carbon dioxide\\n\"],\"overallFeedback\":[\"from\":0,\"to\":100],\"behaviour\":\"enableRetry\":true,\"enableSolutionsButton\":true,\"enableCheckButton\":true,\"type\":\"auto\",\"singlePoint\":false,\"randomAnswers\":true,\"showSolutionsRequiresInput\":true,\"confirmCheckDialog\":false,\"confirmRetryDialog\":false,\"autoCheck\":false,\"passPercentage\":100,\"showScorePoints\":true,\"UI\":\"checkAnswerButton\":\"Check\",\"showSolutionButton\":\"Show solution\",\"tryAgainButton\":\"Retry\",\"tipsLabel\":\"Show tip\",\"scoreBarLabel\":\"You got :num out of :total points\",\"tipAvailable\":\"Tip 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bronchioles\\n\"],\"overallFeedback\":[\"from\":0,\"to\":100],\"behaviour\":\"enableRetry\":true,\"enableSolutionsButton\":true,\"enableCheckButton\":true,\"type\":\"auto\",\"singlePoint\":false,\"randomAnswers\":true,\"showSolutionsRequiresInput\":true,\"confirmCheckDialog\":false,\"confirmRetryDialog\":false,\"autoCheck\":false,\"passPercentage\":100,\"showScorePoints\":true,\"UI\":\"checkAnswerButton\":\"Check\",\"showSolutionButton\":\"Show solution\",\"tryAgainButton\":\"Retry\",\"tipsLabel\":\"Show tip\",\"scoreBarLabel\":\"You got :num out of :total points\",\"tipAvailable\":\"Tip available\",\"feedbackAvailable\":\"Feedback available\",\"readFeedback\":\"Read feedback\",\"wrongAnswer\":\"Wrong answer\",\"correctAnswer\":\"Correct answer\",\"shouldCheck\":\"Should have been checked\",\"shouldNotCheck\":\"Should not have been checked\",\"noInput\":\"Please answer before viewing the solution\",\"confirmCheck\":\"header\":\"Finish ?\",\"body\":\"Are you sure you wish to finish ?\",\"cancelLabel\":\"Cancel\",\"confirmLabel\":\"Finish\",\"confirmRetry\":\"header\":\"Retry ?\",\"body\":\"Are you sure you wish to retry ?\",\"cancelLabel\":\"Cancel\",\"confirmLabel\":\"Confirm\",\"question\":\"What is the correct order of airflow during inhalation?\\n\",\"library\":\"H5P.MultiChoice 1.14\",\"metadata\":\"contentType\":\"Multiple Choice\",\"license\":\"U\",\"title\":\"Question 4 Multiple Choice\",\"subContentId\":\"7c05fe91-7a7b-4992-bcf4-fc6ca4d7ab70\",\"useSeparator\":\"auto\",\"content\":\"params\":\"media\":\"disableImageZooming\":false,\"answers\":[\"correct\":false,\"tipsAndFeedback\":\"chosenFeedback\":\"Check again\\n\",\"tip\":\"\",\"notChosenFeedback\":\"\",\"text\":\"the head\\n\",\"correct\":false,\"tipsAndFeedback\":\"chosenFeedback\":\"Check again\\n\",\"tip\":\"\",\"notChosenFeedback\":\"\",\"text\":\"the upper body\\n\",\"correct\":true,\"tipsAndFeedback\":\"chosenFeedback\":\"Correct.\\n\",\"tip\":\"\",\"notChosenFeedback\":\"\",\"text\":\"the 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checked\",\"noInput\":\"Please answer before viewing the solution\",\"confirmCheck\":\"header\":\"Finish ?\",\"body\":\"Are you sure you wish to finish ?\",\"cancelLabel\":\"Cancel\",\"confirmLabel\":\"Finish\",\"confirmRetry\":\"header\":\"Retry ?\",\"body\":\"Are you sure you wish to retry ?\",\"cancelLabel\":\"Cancel\",\"confirmLabel\":\"Confirm\",\"question\":\"Where does the right ventricle send blood?\\n\",\"library\":\"H5P.MultiChoice 1.14\",\"metadata\":\"contentType\":\"Multiple Choice\",\"license\":\"U\",\"title\":\"Question 5 Multiple Choice\",\"subContentId\":\"7363a674-2042-4aaf-8323-c2eb544e67b3\",\"useSeparator\":\"auto\",\"content\":\"params\":\"media\":\"disableImageZooming\":false,\"answers\":[\"correct\":true,\"tipsAndFeedback\":\"tip\":\"\",\"chosenFeedback\":\"\",\"notChosenFeedback\":\"\",\"text\":\"contracting\\n\",\"correct\":false,\"tipsAndFeedback\":\"chosenFeedback\":\"Check again\\n\",\"tip\":\"\",\"notChosenFeedback\":\"\",\"text\":\"relaxing\\n\",\"correct\":false,\"tipsAndFeedback\":\"chosenFeedback\":\"Check again\\n\",\"tip\":\"\",\"notChosenFeedback\":\"\",\"text\":\"contracting and relaxing\\n\",\"correct\":false,\"tipsAndFeedback\":\"chosenFeedback\":\"Check again\\n\",\"tip\":\"\",\"notChosenFeedback\":\"\",\"text\":\"filling with blood\\n\"],\"overallFeedback\":[\"from\":0,\"to\":100],\"behaviour\":\"enableRetry\":true,\"enableSolutionsButton\":true,\"enableCheckButton\":true,\"type\":\"auto\",\"singlePoint\":false,\"randomAnswers\":true,\"showSolutionsRequiresInput\":true,\"confirmCheckDialog\":false,\"confirmRetryDialog\":false,\"autoCheck\":false,\"passPercentage\":100,\"showScorePoints\":true,\"UI\":\"checkAnswerButton\":\"Check\",\"showSolutionButton\":\"Show solution\",\"tryAgainButton\":\"Retry\",\"tipsLabel\":\"Show tip\",\"scoreBarLabel\":\"You got :num out of :total points\",\"tipAvailable\":\"Tip 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Arteries have thicker wall layers to accommodate the changes in pressure from the heart.\\n\",\"notChosenFeedback\":\"\",\"text\":\"Arteries have thicker wall layers to accommodate the changes in pressure from the heart.\\n\",\"correct\":false,\"tipsAndFeedback\":\"chosenFeedback\":\"Check again\\n\",\"tip\":\"\",\"notChosenFeedback\":\"\",\"text\":\"Arteries carry blood.\\n\",\"correct\":false,\"tipsAndFeedback\":\"chosenFeedback\":\"Check again\\n\",\"tip\":\"\",\"notChosenFeedback\":\"\",\"text\":\"Arteries have thinner wall layers and valves and move blood by the action of skeletal muscle.\\n\",\"correct\":false,\"tipsAndFeedback\":\"chosenFeedback\":\"Check again\\n\",\"tip\":\"\",\"notChosenFeedback\":\"\",\"text\":\"Arteries are thin walled and are used for gas exchange.\\n\"],\"overallFeedback\":[\"from\":0,\"to\":100],\"behaviour\":\"enableRetry\":true,\"enableSolutionsButton\":true,\"enableCheckButton\":true,\"type\":\"auto\",\"singlePoint\":false,\"randomAnswers\":true,\"showSolutionsRequiresInput\":true,\"confirmCheckDialog\":false,\"confirmRetryDialog\":false,\"autoCheck\":false,\"passPercentage\":100,\"showScorePoints\":true,\"UI\":\"checkAnswerButton\":\"Check\",\"showSolutionButton\":\"Show solution\",\"tryAgainButton\":\"Retry\",\"tipsLabel\":\"Show tip\",\"scoreBarLabel\":\"You got :num out of :total points\",\"tipAvailable\":\"Tip available\",\"feedbackAvailable\":\"Feedback available\",\"readFeedback\":\"Read feedback\",\"wrongAnswer\":\"Wrong answer\",\"correctAnswer\":\"Correct answer\",\"shouldCheck\":\"Should have been checked\",\"shouldNotCheck\":\"Should not have been checked\",\"noInput\":\"Please answer before viewing the solution\",\"confirmCheck\":\"header\":\"Finish ?\",\"body\":\"Are you sure you wish to finish ?\",\"cancelLabel\":\"Cancel\",\"confirmLabel\":\"Finish\",\"confirmRetry\":\"header\":\"Retry ?\",\"body\":\"Are you sure you wish to retry ?\",\"cancelLabel\":\"Cancel\",\"confirmLabel\":\"Confirm\",\"question\":\"How do arteries differ from veins?\\n\",\"library\":\"H5P.MultiChoice 1.14\",\"metadata\":\"contentType\":\"Multiple Choice\",\"license\":\"U\",\"title\":\"Question 7 Multiple Choice\",\"subContentId\":\"2ce1d915-7f61-424b-8835-8c933ee33a77\",\"useSeparator\":\"auto\",\"content\":\"params\":\"taskDescription\":\"Drag the words into the correct boxes to describe the function and location of the main bronchus, trachea, alveoli.\\n\",\"overallFeedback\":[\"from\":0,\"to\":100],\"checkAnswer\":\"Check\",\"tryAgain\":\"Retry\",\"showSolution\":\"Show solution\",\"dropZoneIndex\":\"Drop Zone @index.\",\"empty\":\"Drop Zone @index is empty.\",\"contains\":\"Drop Zone @index contains draggable @draggable.\",\"ariaDraggableIndex\":\"@index of @count draggables.\",\"tipLabel\":\"Show tip\",\"correctText\":\"Correct!\",\"incorrectText\":\"Incorrect!\",\"resetDropTitle\":\"Reset drop\",\"resetDropDescription\":\"Are you sure you want to reset this drop zone?\",\"grabbed\":\"Draggable is grabbed.\",\"cancelledDragging\":\"Cancelled dragging.\",\"correctAnswer\":\"Correct answer:\",\"feedbackHeader\":\"Feedback\",\"behaviour\":\"enableRetry\":true,\"enableSolutionsButton\":true,\"enableCheckButton\":true,\"instantFeedback\":false,\"scoreBarLabel\":\"You got :num out of :total points\",\"textField\":\"The *main bronchus* is the conduit in the lung that funnels air to the airways where gas exchange occurs. It *attaches* the lungs to the very end of the *trachea* where it bifurcates. The *trachea* is the cartilaginous structure that extends from the *pharynx* to the lungs. It serves to *funnel* air to the lungs. The *alveoli* are the site of *gas exchange*; they are located at the terminal regions of the lung and are *attached* to the alveolar sacs, which come from the alveolar ducts and respiratory bronchioles terminal bronchi.\",\"library\":\"H5P.DragText 1.8\",\"metadata\":\"contentType\":\"Drag Text\",\"license\":\"U\",\"title\":\"Question 8 Drag Text\",\"subContentId\":\"175dce63-1dc0-47b8-8b07-2c4305bdcafa\",\"useSeparator\":\"auto\",\"content\":\"params\":\"overallFeedback\":[\"from\":0,\"to\":100],\"checkAnswerButton\":\"Check\",\"tryAgainButton\":\"Retry\",\"showSolutionButton\":\"Show solution\",\"behaviour\":\"enableRetry\":true,\"enableSolutionsButton\":true,\"enableCheckButton\":true,\"showScorePoints\":true,\"correctAnswer\":\"Correct!\",\"incorrectAnswer\":\"Incorrect!\",\"missedAnswer\":\"Answer not found!\",\"displaySolutionDescription\":\"Task is updated to contain the solution.\",\"scoreBarLabel\":\"You got :num out of :total points\",\"a11yFullTextLabel\":\"Full readable text\",\"a11yClickableTextLabel\":\"Full text where words can be marked\",\"a11ySolutionModeHeader\":\"Solution mode\",\"a11yCheckingHeader\":\"Checking mode\",\"taskDescription\":\"Click on the words in bold type that describe how the structure of alveoli maximizes gas exchange.\\n\",\"textField\":\"The branched *sac-like* structure of the alveoli increases their diameter *surface* area. In addition, the alveoli are made of *thin* thick-walled cells. These features allows gases to easily transport *diffuse* across the cells.\\n\",\"library\":\"H5P.MarkTheWords 1.9\",\"metadata\":\"contentType\":\"Mark the Words\",\"license\":\"U\",\"title\":\"Question 9 Mark the Words\",\"subContentId\":\"cd6e8e00-32aa-4326-bf42-9f70a964795f\",\"useSeparator\":\"auto\",\"content\":\"params\":\"taskDescription\":\"Drag the words into the correct boxes to describe the cardiac cycle.\\n\",\"overallFeedback\":[\"from\":0,\"to\":100],\"checkAnswer\":\"Check\",\"tryAgain\":\"Retry\",\"showSolution\":\"Show solution\",\"dropZoneIndex\":\"Drop Zone @index.\",\"empty\":\"Drop Zone @index is empty.\",\"contains\":\"Drop Zone @index contains draggable @draggable.\",\"ariaDraggableIndex\":\"@index of @count draggables.\",\"tipLabel\":\"Show tip\",\"correctText\":\"Correct!\",\"incorrectText\":\"Incorrect!\",\"resetDropTitle\":\"Reset drop\",\"resetDropDescription\":\"Are you sure you want to reset this drop zone?\",\"grabbed\":\"Draggable is grabbed.\",\"cancelledDragging\":\"Cancelled dragging.\",\"correctAnswer\":\"Correct answer:\",\"feedbackHeader\":\"Feedback\",\"behaviour\":\"enableRetry\":true,\"enableSolutionsButton\":true,\"enableCheckButton\":true,\"instantFeedback\":false,\"scoreBarLabel\":\"You got :num out of :total points\",\"textField\":\"The heart receives an *electrical* signal triggering the cardiac muscle cells in the *atria* to *contract*. The signal *pauses* before passing onto the *ventricles* so the blood is pumped through the *body*. This is the *systolic* phase. The heart then *relaxes* in *diastole* and fills again with blood.\",\"library\":\"H5P.DragText 1.8\",\"metadata\":\"contentType\":\"Drag Text\",\"license\":\"U\",\"title\":\"Question 10 Drag Text\",\"subContentId\":\"0c817e6f-dc7f-4898-b9ff-c52109c75770\",\"useSeparator\":\"auto\"]}","fullScreen":"0","exportUrl":"\/biology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/96\/h5p\/exports\/circulatory-and-respiratory-systems-ch-11-3-exercises-72.h5p","embedCode":"","resizeCode":"","url":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/biology\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php?action=h5p_embed&id=72","title":"Circulatory and Respiratory Systems Ch. 11.3 Exercises","displayOptions":"frame":true,"export":true,"embed":true,"copyright":true,"icon":true,"copy":false,"metadata":"title":"Circulatory and Respiratory Systems Ch. 11.3 Exercises","license":"U","contentUserData":["state":""],"scripts":["\/biology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/96\/h5p\/cachedassets\/268ba7e4df92da674eb8d88f27c75c3796d027bd.js"],"styles":["\/biology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/96\/h5p\/cachedassets\/268ba7e4df92da674eb8d88f27c75c3796d027bd.css"]}}}; var _paq = window._paq = window._paq []; /* tracker methods like "setCustomDimension" should be called before "trackPageView" */ _paq.push(['trackPageView']); _paq.push(['enableLinkTracking']); (function() var u=" "; _paq.push(['setTrackerUrl', u+'piwik.php']); _paq.push(['setSiteId', '114']); var d=document, g=d.createElement('script'), s=d.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; g.type='text/javascript'; g.async=true; g.src=u+'piwik.js'; s.parentNode.insertBefore(g,s); )(); 2ff7e9595c